Psychological Disorders Essay Example for Free

Psychological Disorders Essay 1. Does Katherine’s description meet the clinical criteria for a panic attack? Substantiate your  answer. A panic attack is described as an unexpected period wherein the person suffers intense fear that occurs without warning or any reason.   It is characterized by shortness of breath, palpitations, chest discomfort, trembling, choking feeling, intense sweating, nausea, dizziness, feelings of being detached from oneself, fear of going crazy, dying fears, numbness, and cold or hot flashes.   For an episode to be considered a panic attack, the person has to meet four of the symptoms.    In Katherines case, she described four of the symptoms to having a panic attack.   She said that she felt dizzy, had difficulty breathing, was feeling nauseous, and felt like she was detached from herself.   From this, I believe Katherine had a panic attack. 2. Does Katherine meet the criteria for a dissociative disorder? Explain. Dissociative disorders are related to anxiety disorders in the sense that they are also reactions to stress and anxiety factors.   A dissociative person often exhibits changes or losses in consciousness, memory, identity or environmental perception.   In this case, the anxiety factor is clearly the visit to the parents house.   For some unknown reason, the visit awakened buried memories.   Although Katherine did not exhibit memory loss or shift, she experienced a change of perception in her environment. Based on how Katherine described her symptoms, I believe shes suffering from a dissociative disorder.   Although Katherine does not display the usual memory loss and split  personality symptoms typical of dissociative disorders, she has, however, described that she felt  separated from her physical self, like she was outside looking in.   She said that even if she was aware of driving the car, Katherine also felt like a different being who was just looking at another being driving the car.   This seems to be a case of Depersonalization disorder. 3. What other disorders does Katherine appear to have? Analyze. Its not clear whether Katherine was abused at a young age.   But based from the way Katherine pictured her father coming up from behind her to assault her, it would seem that a similar event had occurred to her in the past.   Either her father did the same to her as a child, or a man who resembles her father or has qualities similar to her father had done the same to her.   As a result Katherine developed an acute stress disorder long after the traumatic event occurred. She went into panic on her way to her parents house.   Apparently, the drive to her parents triggered unpleasant feelings.   Perhaps the assault on her person happened in her parents house or in the nearby vicinity.   Her avoidance of her parents, her admission of feeling estranged from them, and not letting them know about her plans support this assumption.   Katherine uses avoidance to keep the panic attack at bay.   Her avoidance is typical of others who are suffering from acute stress disorder.   Katherines troubled sleep, irritability, and nightmares are the result of a traumatic event that she probably has buried in her consciousness.

Lamb to the Slaughter by Roald Dahl and The Signalman by Charles Dickens :: Comparing

In my essay I will be comparing the two short stories Lamb to the Slaughter by Roald Dahl and The Signalman by Charles Dickens. Comparing Short Stories In my essay I will be comparing the two short stories 'Lamb to the Slaughter' by Roald Dahl and 'The Signalman' by Charles Dickens. They both contain a twist in the tale and use the Macabre Tale Genre. The scenes are very different from on another and show different uses of language as Lamb to the slaughter uses 1900 text and The Signalman uses 20th Century text. The opening of Lamb to the slaughter gives the reader no reason to believe anything bad is going to happen. It starts off normal and uses words such as warm, clean and tranquil to paint the picture of the house being calm and a nice place. Though at the beginning of The Signalman it gives words such as gloomy and angry sunset to portray it is quite a scary maybe a dark and cold place. The Signalman is set in a 'Signal-box by a gloomy railway cutting with its dark tunnel' Lamb to the slaughter, being set in a house is completely different and delivers more of a calm and peaceful atmosphere. They don't seem to have many similarities. The theme to The Signalman is that of a man describing his experience of meeting a Signalman being haunted by a ghost. This ghost seemed to be warning him of hid death. It involves the two main characters, the narrator and the signalman. The Signalman described by the narrator, 'His attitude was one of such expectation and watchfulness' The narrator is not described throughout the story. The theme to Lamb to the slaughter is that of a husband and his wife. It is set in their house and their wife murders her husband with a leg of lamb. It is a story that tells us of how she tries to cover up the murder and tries to get the blame away from her and destroys all the evidence. The wife is described as, 'Her skin had acquired a wonderful translucent quality, the mouth was soft, and the eyes with their new placid look, seemed larger, darker than before.' The husband is described as having 'A warm male glow that came out of him' And the 'Far look in his eyes when they rested on her, the funny slope of the mouth.' These are things that the writer has written that the wife thinks about Patrick, her husband. I like the character of the wife because I like the way she covers up her murdering her husband.

Parent: Beloved or Forgotten

â€Å"It's a Special bond that spans years through laughter, worry, smiles and tears, A sense of trust that scant be broken, A depth of love sometimes unspoken, A lifelong friendship built on sharing, Hugs and kisses, warmth and caring, Parent and child, their hearts as one – A link that can never be undone. † Who are we now? Are we someone whose name are known to be excellent,known to be talented,known to be Influencing, or known to be an Individual who can do something great In any Industry we were Involved.I'll bet you have something In your mind that describe of yourself out of every attainments you've got as of today,And even that someone you want of who you will be in the future. But, I can say that no matter who we are, We are nothing without them.. They are the most two influential people who are the real heroes behind every successful man on earth, for they are the one who sowed the seed in our hearts at the time we are born causes us to be successful today or even tomorrow.Today, we adult or young people, has been exposed to any possible technology around us, of course we know that it consume much of our time, and then again after ere become busy with our studies, careers, hang-outs, gigs with friends and to other self Interest we are engage to. Commonly, Here ends our whole day, until become weeks, months or years. We can only count by fingers that we have spent a quality time with them, deliberately bring ourselves to bothers about their concerns and to know their minds.Somehow we maybe missing of time to give a second to think how are THEY? How they feel when they were alone at home, or to know that they were not feeling well or simply to give time talking with them without reasons. With these, we don't really express a love that is worthy for them. They were forgotten†¦ There Is no perfect parents that exist, some of them maybe the reason why you are In pain right now.Some maybe busy as well with businesses so don't have time fo r you as well, some maybe you as their child Is not that proud of them because they were not the parents you dream of, some were willfully taken for granted by us because they were a â€Å"kind† type parents to get angry by our mistakes. In my heart, Whatever lived in the world, why we are now able to stand in our place right now and able to claim our future. Being who and what they are, it is not enough to forget all their toils for us.Even conflicts is also not enough for us to turn our back to them. To love them is simply to give them a time. To honor them is simply to acknowledge them with our achievements. To cherish them is simply to serve them in any possible way we can do. To remember them is simply to say â€Å"thank you† and â€Å"I love You† my dear parents. So let's reflect, which one we are as a child to a parents. It is always important to remember that everything has an end and every instance is transient. Let us not bring ourselves to things that we may regret. Act now! Start now!

Income Inequality Mounting Up Of The Great Gatsby

Halee N. Kaiser Dena K. Skees English W290 2 March 2015 Income Inequality Mounting Up Have you heard what McDonald’s employees’ are asking customers now days? Can you afford fries with that? According to the economist Emmanuel Saez, income inequality has been increasing steadily since the 1970s, and now has attained levels not seen since 1928 (Desilver). So what exactly is income inequality? Most of the time when people talk about income inequality, they usually are discussing the startling growth of the exceptionally rich, the stagnant salaries and diminishing prognoses of the American middle class, and the substantial amount of people at the base of the ladder (Zakaria). In the 1920’s, the era of The Great Gatsby, the economy and social life were booming in the major cities in the United Stated. This is when credit was invented which meant that more expensive items could be easier to access. This allowed more families to own radios, cars, refrigerators, etc. This sent the economy sky high! Things were going well for the economy all up until the Great Crash. In 1929, the stock market crashed unexpectedly, and caused billions of dollars to disappear. This alone only affected the miniscule minority of wealthy Americans who owned stock at the time. This resulted in declines in industrial production, which caused an economic downward spiral all across the country (Shmoop Editorial Team). By the time of the stock market crash, the top 1 percent of Americans owned

The Hospitality Industry Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1552 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Review Topics: Communication Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION This paper presents a review of the literature relevant to the topic of intercultural communication in the hospitality industry. It begins with an examination of Brown and Levinsons politeness theory, followed by a critique of Hofstedes five cultural dimensions and Edward Hall and others theories of cultural awareness, concluding with a synthesis of the research on intercultural communication by leading commentators in this field. This analysis thus provides insight into the issues influencing the perception of politeness between the Spanish and English cultures in the hotel workplace. LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Politeness theory In their 1978 and 1987 works on the theory of politeness, Brown and Levinson put forward a rational model of politeness, arguing that individuals across all cultures want to be approved of by others and free from unnecessary constraints, or positive and negative face, respectively (Greene, 1997). In response to their argument that politeness is a universal part of language, Watts (2003) contends that this theory is overly idealistic because it ignores the means by which individuals in society struggle with politeness in their interactions with others. He holds that these features of social interaction are more important than the role of politeness in intercultural communication. Using a practical example of politeness theory, ODowd (2003) conducted primary research examining the interaction of Spanish and English cultures in business situations and found that if participants perceived another person as being interested in descriptions of their own culture, they subsequent ly felt encouraged to communicate more but, if they felt their positive face was threatened by the other person showing a lack of interest in their cultural background, they were more reluctant. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Hospitality Industry Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order 2. Hofstedes five dimensions Geert Hofstede describes culture as the collective characteristics of members of one group of people (Hofstede, 2001; Hofstede et al, 2010). His theories search for meaning in the correlation between a countrys cultural indicators and his five dimensions of power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity and long-term orientation (Vinken et al, 2004). In his most recent work, Hofstede adds a new sixth dimension of culture called indulgence versus restraint and introduces the concept of a moral circle to the debate (Hofstede et al, 2010). In a 1998 article, Hofstede builds on his earlier seminal works (1980; 1991) and further specifies that the main criteria for comparison are values and attitudes, also known as constructs. He acknowledges that there has been much criticism of his methodology of using nations as the units for studying and comparing culture, but nevertheless contents that many nations contain a sufficient amount of comparable aspects. Hof stede suggests that cross-cultural misunderstanding is often based on the dimension of value variation between cultures, with the Spanish having a more group-orientated culture than the English. When an activity is planned by Spanish people, it is much more common to invite a large group than just one or two others, demonstrating collectivism over individualism. In addition, Hofstede suggests that the English not only have a high level of individualism, they exhibit above average masculinity and lower power distance and uncertainty avoidance than the Spanish. 3. Cultural awareness While Hofstedes work provides a useful framework, there is large body of research that explores in more detail the definitions and role of culture and cultural awareness, and it is valuable in the analysis of these cultures in relation to the hospitality industry. Holliday et al (2004:3) describe culture as being a fluid, creative social force which binds different groupings and aspects of behaviour in different ways, and cultural awareness requires a fundamental understanding of this fluidity and how it impacts on various social interactions, particularly intercultural ones. The attitudes and perceptions associated with different national cultures exerts a strong influence on many business situations, including that of English receptionists interacting with Spanish customers, and the studies of cultural awareness by Edward T. Hall illustrate this point further. He describes culture as a hidden force and goes as far as to suggest that culture is synonymous with communicatio n. When an English receptionist communicates with a Spanish customer, it is inevitable that each party will apply their own cultural framework not only in the way they communicate with each other, but in how they perceive the interaction. Other experts reinforce the notion that there are significant barriers to be overcome in terms of intercultural business issues (Larsson and Risberg, 1998). Bennett (1993) for one contends that it is important to be able to distance oneself from ones own cultural backgrounds in order to understand others, and Byram (1997) goes on to suggest that sensitivity to issues such as directness and politeness in language is an essential component of intercultural awareness. These theories can all be applied to help English receptionists and Spanish customers to have greater levels of cultural awareness and sensitivity, thus enhancing the business relationship. 4. Intercultural communication Building on the analysis in the previous sections, Charles (2007) points to the fact that English has become the accepted lingua franca of international business, and this is referred to by others as the built-in bias of the English language (Munshie and McKie, 2001). The hospitality industry is a prime example of this, and it has become accepted practice for customer-facing hotel staff to be able to speak English to come extent, regardless of the country in which the hotel is located. It is much less likely for an English receptionist to speak Spanish, for example. One expert has pointed out that frequently non-verbal communication can be misinterpreted. For example, she says: Normally a handshake is brief but in Spain it may be prolonged for several seconds. This does not show deep personal warmth as it might somewhere else McLaren, 1998:137). And as Welch et al (2005:11) point out, intercultural communication can actually be an irritating reminder of what may be involved in crossing foreign cultures, and managing in a cross-cultural environment. Based on extensive primary research, Charles (2007) recommends that businesses should increase their awareness of the importance of cultural diversity in communication and develop a better understanding of how individuals relate to each other across language and cultural barriers. Another commentator (Verluyten, 1997) has provided evidence of the importance of intercultural training and awareness in this process, the lack of which can lead to disastrous results. CONCLUSIONS This paper has presented a summary of the relevant literature and provided some interesting insights into the role of intercultural communication in the hospitality industry, especially between Spanish and English cultures. For one, an analysis of Hofstede and Brown and Levinson contributes to a better understanding the issues underpinning the differences between these two cultures and the various influences on peoples behaviour, such as politeness and individualism versus collectivism. In particular, the work by Hall and others demonstrates that learning a second language, not just English as is normally the case, is important in todays working environment within the hospitality industry. A lack of cultural awareness especially can lead to barriers of miscommunication. For example, Spanish customers could potentially be seen as rude or overly direct by English receptionists who do not understand the cultural differences. The receptionists therefore often apply their own c ultural background to the interaction and, as a result, expect a sometimes unreasonably high level of politeness. Communication can be significantly improved by efforts to raise intercultural awareness and sensitivity within the hospitality industry. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bennett, M., 1993. Towards ethnorelativism: A development model of intercultural sensitivity. In M. Paige, ed., Education for the Intercultural Experience, pp.21-71. Yarmouth: Intercultural Press. Brown P. and Levinson S., 1978. Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena. In E. Goody, ed., Questions and Politeness, pp.56-311. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Brown P. and Levinson S., 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Byram, M., 1997. Teaching and Assessing Intercultural Communicative Competence. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Charles, M., 2007. Language Matters in Global Communication. The Journal of Business Communication, 44(3). p.260. Greene, J.O., ed., 1997. Message Production: Advances in Communication Theory. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Hall, E.T., 1959. The Silent Language. New York: Doubleday. Hofstede, G., 1980. Cultures Consequences: International Differences in Work-R elated Values. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. Hofstede, G., 1991. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hofstede, G., 1998. A Case for Comparing Apples with Oranges: International Differences in Values. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 39(1). pp.16-31. Hofstede, G., 2001. Cultures Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G.J. and Minkov, M., 2010. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Holliday, A., Hyde, M. and Kullman, J., 2004. Intercultural Communication: An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge. Larsson, R. and Risberg, A., 1998. Cultural awareness and national versus corporate barriers to acculturation. In M. Gertsen, A-M. Soderberg, and J. E. Torp, eds., Cultural dimensions of international acquisitions, pp.168-196. Berlin: Walther de Gruyter. McLaren, M.C., 1998. Interpreting Cultural Differences: the Challenge of Intercultural Communication. Dereham: Peter Francis Publishers. Munshie, D. and McKie, D., 2001. Toward a New Cartography of Intercultural Communication: Mapping Bias, Business, and Diversity. Business Communication Quarterly, 64(3). p.9. ODowd, R., 2003. Understanding the Other Side: Intercultural Learning in a Spanish-English E-Mail Exchange. Language, Learning Technology, 7(2). p.118. Thomas, D.C. and Inkson, K., 2003. Cultural Intelligence: People skills for global business. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler. Verluyten, S.P., 1997. Business Communication and Intercultural Communication in Europe: The State of the Art. Business Communication Quarterly, 60(2). p.135. Vinken, H., Soeters, J. and Ester, P., eds., 2004. Comparing Cultures: Dimensions of Culture in a Comparative Perspective. Boston: Brill. Watts, R.J., 2003. Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

English Comp Rough Draft - 1142 Words

Anthony Grimes Ashford University ENG122-English Composition II Instructor Mitchell November 26, 2012 Substance abuse and consumption have become an epidemic in America. The use of drugs results in countless drug-related deaths and causes states to spend billions of dollars to combat drug trafficking. Drugs are shipped in by sea, air, automobile, and even smuggled in by person. These drugs are supplied by drug cartels. These criminal organizations where formed to promote, control, produce, and distribute narcotic drugs. While these cartels operate from all parts of the world, some of the most infamous are the Mexican and Columbian Cartels. America has put policies into combating drug trafficking, however these policies are not†¦show more content†¦Hopefully this will help break the cycle of drug use, crime, and incarceration. The Obama Administration is taking action to provide a balanced approach on. how to addresses the Nation’s drug problem and the effects on its communities. According to Abramsky (2009), the Obama administration is moving away from a ‘toug h on crime’ strategy and toward one that favors treatment over punishment. According to Kristof (2009), the legalization of drugs is another solution to drug trafficking. With drugs more readily available, at lower prices and higher levels of potency many law enforcement personal and politicians favor legalization of drugs. While other experts favor keeping drug production and sell illegal, but decriminalizing possession. Either way if it is legalize it must be regulated. According to Kristof (2009), the United States have inquired three consequences due to the failure of â€Å"The War on Drugs†, increased population in jails, empowered criminals and terrorists, and squandered resources that cannot be replaced. With that said, why continue down a road were the drug problem is not getting resolved. Before drugs were prohibited, usage levels were lower among cocaine and heroin users, and states with legalized marijuana have not seen an increase in consumption, according to KristofShow MoreRelatedMy Experience At The United States Congress725 Words   |  3 PagesGuide to Comp I John Beckley, the first librarian of the United States Congress, once said, â€Å"Most people don’t plan to fail; they fail to plan.† I have found this to be true in many areas of life, including my college classes. Having almost completed my first semester of Composition I, I have realized that college presents a new arena of life, and therefore demands thoughtful planning, planning made necessary by new found freedom. Freedom is a relative term in college; it is experienced in and outRead MoreMy Reading And Writing Skills1484 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom private schools all over the country. (Literacy Narrative 7?) I had no writing skills beyond the eighth grade and college level writing was foreign to me. In my previous classes, It was assumed everyone knew the basics, but I didn t. This English course has taught me so much about myself, my writing abilities, and that I can overcome obstacles and excel. The assigned readings helped me understand what was expected, my professor went out of her way to make sure I understood the assignment,Read MoreLearning the Process of Writing in a First-Year Composition Course1601 Words   |  7 Pagesprocedures and rules of writing. The course, vaguely entitled English 1A, was a general requirement for all students attending the University of California, Riverside. I figured I was well prepared to write about whatever topics the instructor assigned and so I counted on the course to be unchallenging and uninteresting. However, the syllabus that the instructor, Professor Cardinale, supplied to the class was very unlike the English course outlines I was accustomed to. 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Teaching and Learning in 21st century

Question: Discuss about theTeaching and Learning in 21st century. Answer: 21st Century Learning and Teaching In the twenty-first century the standards for literacy has changed, as it is not limited to the learning of letters and numbers. The requirements for a person to function properly in society has changed significantly in the recent years so the change in the teaching and learning had become necessary to facilitate the proper assimilation of the students in the society. Now the computer has become a tool that is used in every aspect of professional and social life so the necessity of the computer literacy has become absolute. The use of different technology and new processes are being introduced in every aspect of the society. Therefore, the method of learning has become more important than the memorization of facts and processes. The twenty-first century education is based on the understanding of the functions and the implementation of the knowledge gained from the education. The teachers had to change their approach to focus on the skills of the students rather than their capability of retaining information. The ability to understand something new depends on the factor that if a student can understand the whys of a process of function they can critically evaluate the process and their understanding is liable to help them understand any change in the process and adjust to the change (Cheng, 2002). The learning in the twenty-first century student is not based on what to learn but how to learn. It makes sense that if the ability to learn is ingrained into the student then they are much more capable of adjusting to the changes that are common place in the century where the world is rapidly changing. Key Features of Traditional Education The standard modern education or the traditional education has its roots in the eighteenth century. Some key features of the traditional education are quite sensible and practical, as the system has worked for a long time (Nunan Lamb, 1996). One of the features is the usefulness of the things that are taught to the students. The materials that are taught are the basic facts of the different disciplines that help the students function properly in the society. Another feature of the traditional education is the system of judging the competency of the learner by using harsh trials that test the ability of the student to retain the important information that might help him or her in their adult life (Denemark, 2011). The use of said knowledge in controlled situation where the ability of the student to apply the knowledge in appropriate situation is also tested by the trials. The most effective form of the learning that is traditional is the method of learning on the job or as an apprent ice is also included in the key features of traditional education. The process of teaching is dependent on the benefit of acquiring knowledge being exchanged with the compensation of the teacher by service or money or goods. Therefore, the process of teaching is completely because the knowledge is a commodity that can be gained through practise and compensation (Smilkstein, 2003). New Practices The twenty-first century practices in education have birthed many a new practises that are effective and suitable for the situation at hand. Among the new practices, the availability of knowledge and the accessibility to the learning is much more pronounced. In many of the countries, the children are given mandatory education so their development as individual is more complete ("Learning and teaching", 2005). The new practices have adopted the use of specially prepared material and orchestrated situation that prepare the students to learn the use of their skills on a much larger scale than previously possible so the efficiency and the capacity of the process has increased. The rate by which the knowledge is imparted has improved the process. The learning process exhibits the interaction between students and the tutors so that the teaching can be adjusted to the learning goals of a single student and they can gain knowledge that is most important to them in their daily life at their o wn pace (Freitas Yapp, 2005). Forces Driving the Change in Education There are many forces driving the change in education among which two of the most important are given below: Social Change The standard of the society in the twenty-first century is changing as the effect of globalization. Diversity of the population is changing the cultural standards of the people to broaden their views. The current availability of knowledge is higher and the specific needs of the different communities and professions are different and diverse. Thus, the need for an education that is all rounded with basic information about the world is paramount. Now days, the skill of the person is treated as the determinant of the persons role in the society, rather than the birth and social standing. Therefore, the education system needed to broaden to be able to recognise the various skills of the student base from all strata of the society. Previously the role of a person in the society was bound by ones birth and position in the society so knowledge that is more specific was passed from generation to generation (Herteis, 2010). The current society that is mix of people with different skills and b ackgrounds forced the education system to change. Technology The technology is another driving force behind the changes in the learning and teaching in the twenty-first century. The technology has improved rapidly in the last century that caused the change in education sector the connection between the people from different culture and the different social standard has been rendered common as the technological knowledge is used similarly across all (Simpson, 2010). The digital literacy and the use of internet made a vast quantity of knowledge available so the process of how to learn from them is being treated as more important as the information is more readily available than ever on a plethora of subjects. Therefore, it is clear that the technical advancement made many changes possible in the teaching and learning process. The changes to improve the teaching and learning of the individuals would have been impossible if the technology to facilitate them was not present. For this reason, technology can be dubbed the most prominent driving force behind the teaching and learning process in the twenty-first century. References Cheng, Y. (2002).Subject teaching and teacher education in the new century. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Education. Denemark, R. (2011). Teaching and Learning about Teaching and Learning.International Studies Review,13(3), 543-545. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2486.2011.01061.x Freitas, S. Yapp, C. (2005).Personalizing learning in the 21st century. Stafford: Network Educational Press. Herteis, E. (2010). Teaching, Learning and Interning: From Teaching Internships to Scholarly Teaching.The Canadian Journal For The Scholarship Of Teaching And Learning, 1-13. https://dx.doi.org/10.5206/cjsotl-rcacea.2010.2.5 Learning and teaching. (2005).Health Information Libraries Journal,22(2), 156-159. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2005.00567.x Nunan, D. Lamb, C. (1996).The self-directed teacher. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. Simpson, K. (2010).The Learning Process. Cork: Publish on Demand Global LLC. Smilkstein, R. (2003).We're born to learn. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Corwin Press.